The Origins and Evolution of the South African National Anthem
Introduction
The South African National Anthem is a powerful symbol of the country’s journey from division and oppression to unity and democracy. It is unique in the world for its combination of two anthems, “Nkosi Sikelel’ iAfrika” and “Die Stem van Suid-Afrika,” each with distinct historical and cultural significance. This article explores the comprehensive history of the South African National Anthem, including its creation, initial performances, official adoption, transformation, and the meanings and significance of its lyrics.
The Genesis of “Nkosi Sikelel’ iAfrika”
Composition and Early History
“Nkosi Sikelel’ iAfrika,” meaning “God Bless Africa,” was composed in 1897 by Enoch Mankayi Sontonga, a teacher and choirmaster at a Methodist mission school in Johannesburg. Sontonga initially wrote the song as a hymn in Xhosa, one of South Africa’s official languages. The hymn was intended for use in religious settings, reflecting a deep spiritual plea for divine blessing and protection for Africa and its people.
Sontonga’s hymn consisted of one stanza and a chorus, which quickly resonated with African communities due to its powerful message and emotional depth. The song spread beyond the confines of the mission school and became widely sung among African communities throughout South Africa.
First Performances and Adoption by the ANC
The first public performance of “Nkosi Sikelel’ iAfrika” was by a choir of 100 school children at the ordination of Reverend M. Boweni in Johannesburg in 1899. The hymn’s influence grew significantly when Samuel Edward Krune Mqhayi, a prominent Xhosa poet, added seven additional stanzas in the 1920s, expanding on themes of prayer, blessing, and protection.
The African National Congress (ANC), South Africa’s leading liberation movement, adopted “Nkosi Sikelel’ iAfrika” as its official anthem in 1925. The song became a powerful rallying cry in the struggle against apartheid and colonial oppression, symbolising hope, resilience, and the quest for freedom.
The Creation of “Die Stem van Suid-Afrika”
Composition and Historical Context
“Die Stem van Suid-Afrika” (“The Call of South Africa”) was written in 1918 by C.J. Langenhoven, an Afrikaans poet and politician. The music was composed by Reverend Marthinus Lourens de Villiers in 1921. “Die Stem” reflected the Afrikaner nationalist sentiment of the time, emphasising themes of pioneering, endurance, and faith.
The song gained prominence quickly, first performed publicly in 1938 during the Voortrekker Monument cornerstone-laying ceremony. It was embraced by the Afrikaner community and used in various official and public events. In 1957, “Die Stem van Suid-Afrika” was officially adopted as the national anthem of South Africa, symbolizing the government’s policies during the apartheid era.
The Merger of the Anthems: A Symbol of Unity
Transition to Democracy and Need for a New Anthem
With the end of apartheid and the establishment of a democratic South Africa in the early 1990s, there was an urgent need for new national symbols that would represent the entire South African population. One significant change was the creation of a new national anthem that would reflect the country’s diversity and unity.
In 1994, following South Africa’s first democratic elections, the government decided to merge “Nkosi Sikelel’ iAfrika” and “Die Stem van Suid-Afrika” into a single national anthem. This decision aimed to create an anthem that would embody the spirit of reconciliation and inclusiveness that the new South Africa aspired to.
Official Adoption and Structure of the Combined Anthem
The combined national anthem was officially adopted in 1997. The new anthem starts with the first stanza of “Nkosi Sikelel’ iAfrika,” followed by a section from “Die Stem van Suid-Afrika.” The lyrics are sung in five of South Africa’s official languages: Xhosa, Zulu, Sesotho, Afrikaans, and English. This unique blend of two anthems symbolizes the unity of South Africa’s diverse population, acknowledging the country’s history while looking forward to a future of inclusiveness and equality.
Lyrics and Their Meaning
The lyrics of the South African National Anthem are as follows:
Xhosa/Zulu:
Nkosi sikelel’ iAfrika
Maluphakanyisw’ uphondo lwayo,
Yizwa imithandazo yethu
Nkosi sikelela, thina lusapho lwayo.
Sesotho:
Morena boloka sechaba sa heso,
O fedise dintwa le matshwenyeho,
O se boloke, o se boloke setjhaba sa heso,
Setjhaba sa South Afrika – South Afrika.
Afrikaans:
Uit die blou van onse hemel,
Uit die diepte van ons see,
Oor ons ewige gebergtes,
Waar die kranse antwoord gee.
English:
Sounds the call to come together,
And united we shall stand,
Let us live and strive for freedom
In South Africa our land.
Translation and Interpretation
Xhosa/Zulu Section
The Xhosa/Zulu section, “Nkosi Sikelel’ iAfrika,” translates to “God Bless Africa.” This part of the anthem is a heartfelt prayer asking for God’s blessing, upliftment, and protection for the African continent and its people. It reflects a deep spiritual connection and a plea for divine intervention in the face of adversity.
Sesotho Section
The Sesotho verses continue the prayer for divine protection and peace, asking the Lord to save the nation, end conflict, and guard the country. This section emphasises a plea for an end to wars and suffering, underscoring the hope for a peaceful and harmonious society.
Afrikaans Section
The Afrikaans section, derived from “Die Stem van Suid-Afrika,” celebrates the country’s natural beauty and expresses a call to the heavens for guidance and strength. It reflects pride in South Africa’s landscapes and a sense of belonging to the land. This part of the anthem acknowledges the natural splendour of the country and the divine connection to its environment.
English Section
The English section focuses on unity and collective effort, urging South Africans to come together, live in freedom, and strive for the betterment of the nation. It emphasises the importance of unity and cooperation in building a prosperous future. This part of the anthem is a call to action, inspiring citizens to work together towards common goals and the advancement of the nation.
Significance of the National Anthem
The South African National Anthem is significant for several reasons, reflecting the country’s journey from division to unity:
Symbol of Unity
The anthem’s multilingual lyrics represent South Africa’s commitment to unity in diversity. By incorporating multiple languages and cultural elements, it symbolises the nation’s efforts to bridge historical divides and promote inclusiveness. The anthem serves as a unifying force, bringing together people from different backgrounds and fostering a sense of national identity.
Historical Resonance
Both “Nkosi Sikelel’ iAfrika” and “Die Stem van Suid-Afrika” hold significant historical weight. “Nkosi Sikelel’ iAfrika” is deeply connected to the anti-apartheid struggle, while “Die Stem” represents the country’s Afrikaner heritage. Their combination in a single anthem acknowledges and respects both aspects of South African history. This historical resonance adds depth to the anthem, making it a powerful reminder of the country’s past and its journey towards democracy.
Cultural Representation
The anthem celebrates South Africa’s rich cultural mosaic. By including verses in Xhosa, Zulu, Sesotho, Afrikaans, and English, it pays homage to the linguistic and cultural diversity of the nation. The inclusion of multiple languages in the anthem highlights the importance of recognising and respecting the various cultural identities that make up South Africa. It is a testament to the country’s multicultural heritage and its commitment to embracing diversity.
Spiritual and Inspirational Message
The lyrics convey a spiritual appeal for blessing, protection, and guidance. This universal plea resonates with South Africans of all backgrounds, offering a sense of hope and aspiration. The anthem’s spiritual message provides comfort and inspiration, encouraging citizens to strive for a better future and to seek divine intervention in times of need.
Reflection of Democratic Values
Adopted in the post-apartheid era, the anthem represents the ideals of democracy, equality, and freedom. It serves as a reminder of the country’s journey towards these values and its ongoing commitment to maintaining them. The anthem embodies the principles of democracy, reinforcing the importance of justice, equality, and human rights in the nation’s collective consciousness.
Conclusion
The South African National Anthem stands as a powerful emblem of the country’s journey from division to unity. Through its blend of “Nkosi Sikelel’ iAfrika” and “Die Stem van Suid-Afrika,” the anthem encapsulates the historical struggles, cultural richness, and democratic aspirations of the South African people. It serves not only as a national symbol but also as a call to unity, reminding citizens of their shared heritage and collective future.
The anthem’s multilingual and multicultural composition is a testament to South Africa’s unique identity, making it a profound piece of national heritage and an enduring symbol of hope and unity. By honouring both its African and Afrikaner roots, the anthem represents a harmonious blend of the nation’s diverse cultures, reflecting the ideals of the new South Africa.